Not that many years ago we were given to believe that the big bad boys in the pub trade were breweries with large chains of ‘tied’ pubs. Then the government waded in with the Beer Orders which amongst other things decreed that brewers must reduce their tied chains to a maximum of 2000 outlets.
This was retrospective legislation, as the breweries had done nothing illegal and could sensibly argue that by building up large profitable chains they were protecting thousands of brewery jobs.